FASTING BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL AND ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION AMONG MEN IN MENDAWAI PALANGKA RAYA

Alcohol consumption is often associated with the incidence of diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to examine fasting blood glucose levels and alcohol consumption in men in Mendawai, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan.Thecross-sectional studydesign was carried out to asses fasting blood glucose levels on 20 male alcohol drinkers. Blood glucose assay was determined by automated enzymatic colorimetric technique using Photometers (5010 V5+ Robert Riele). Determination of fasting blood glucose level using glucose oxidase and peroxidase (GOD-POD) method. This study found that 40% alcohol drinker considered high fasting blood glucose level with average level 139.6 mg/dL. Twenty five percent of alcohol drinkers considered low fasting blood glucose level with average 68.8 mg/dL. And 35% of drinkers have normal level of fasting blood glucose with average 97.4 mg/dL Keyword: fasting blood glucose level, alcohol drinkers, diabetes mellitus,


INTRODUCTION
Alcohol consumption is often associated with the incidence of diabetes mellitus.A heavy alcohol consumption is considered to be a potential risk factor for the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, which causes insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction that is a prerequisite for the development of diabetes (Wan et al., 2005;McKinlay& Marceau, 2000).Average daily alcohol consumption was associated with reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes.Compared with zero alcohol consumption, consumption of 15-29 g/day of alcohol was associated with a 36% lower risk of diabetes.(Conigrave et al., 2001).However, this beneficial effects of alcohol intake remains controversial due to inconsistent results across studies.Lee et al. (2017) reported that heavy drinking with ≥30 g/day alcohol consumption increased the risk of incident diabetes, but ≥5 and<30 g/day alcohol consumption had no efectson the incident diabetes.This study aimed to examine fasting blood Borneo Journal of Medical Laboratory Technology glucose levels and alcohol consumption in men in Mendawai, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan.METHODS A cross-sectional study design was conducted this study to examine fasting blood glucose level in male alcohol drinker.This study was carried out in Jalan Mendawai, Palangka Raya, Central Kalimantan inApril to May, 2018.The fasting glucose levels determination was conducted in Clinical Laboratory, Faculty of Health Science, Universitas Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya.Purposive sampling was used as the sampling technique in this study.All samples were collected based on some certain purposes and considerations.The inclusion criteria of the sample must be: (a) male who had beendrinkingalcohollonger than one year, (b) in good health, and (c) voluntarily agree to be involved in this research proven by signed informed consent form.Twenty sample who met those criteria could complete the questionnaire.All samples were asked to fasting (no eat and drink 8-10 hours) andexamined the fasting blood glucose test.

Tools and Materials
The tools were used in this study consist of syringe 3 cc, micropipette (1000 µL&10 µL), blue and yellow micropipette tips, test tube, plain vacutainer blood tube, vortex mixer and centrifuge.The fasting blood glucose test was carried out using Photometers (5010 V5+ Robert Riele).The materials were used in this study consist of serum sample, Glucose Blood Test kit: Reagent 1 as an enzyme reagent (Phosphate buffer pH 7,5, 4-aminophenazone, phenol, glucose oxidase, peroxidase, mutarostase, and stabilizers) andReagent 2 as a standard (glucose), and alcohol swab 70%.

Data and Sample Collection
All data obtained during the questionnaire and the fasting blood glucose assay of the alcohol drinkers' blood.The questionnaire items included general information, duration of alcohol consumption, the amount of alcohol consumedand tipe of alcohol.The blood sample collection involved venipuncture procedure based on Department of Health of Republic of Indonesia 2008.The blood collected by venipuncture was collected in dry vacutainer tubes for fasting blood glucosedetermination. Serum processing referred to Good Laboratory Practice Guidelines Department of Health of Republic of Indonesia ( 2008).Blood sample was prior allowed at room temperature for 1-2hours, tranferred into plain vacutainer blood tube, and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for15 min.The determination of fasting blood glucose level in serum was performed within 2 h after sample collection.
The fasting blood glucose level was obtained using an automated enzymatic colorimetric technique.Determination of fasting blood glucose level using Glucose oxidase and peroxidase (GOD-POD) method.The glucose is determined after enzymatic oxidation in the presence of glucose oxidase.The formed hydrogen peoxidase reacts under catalysis of peroxidase eith phenol and 4-aminophenazone to ared-violet quinoneimine dye as indicator, measured at 500 nm.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The characteristics of the sample
The sample of this study consisted of 20 alcohol drinkers.All alchohol drinkers were men.E-cig users were mostlyadults as45% of were aged 36 to 40 years, and 30% were aged 41 to 45 years.Duration of drinking indicates period of drinking alcohol from the first-time usage until this study conducted.As 70% of alcohol drinkers had been drinking alcohol for 5-10 years(Table 1).A study about glycaemic effects of regular moderate alcohol in patients with type 2 diabetes who had previouslyabstained.They drank 150mL of wine or non-alcoholic diet beerdaily for three months.Among participants who drankalcohol fasting plasma glucose decreased from 139.6±41to 118.0±32.5mg/dLafter three months compared with136.7±15.4 to 138.6±27.8mg/dl in the control subjects (Shai et al., 2007).
However, this study also found that 40% alcohol drinker considered high blood glucose level with average level 139.6 mg/dL.Baliunas et al. (2009) reported that compared with lifetime abstainers of drinkring alcohol, the risk of type 2 diabetes among men with prolonged heavy alcohol intake (over 60 g/day alcohol) was became deleterious effect.

Figure 1.The average of fasting blood glucose levels based on age
Figure 1 shows the average of fasting blood glucose levels based on age range of alcohol drinkers.The average fasting blood glucoselevels of 25-30 year-old men drinker was highest among ather age group.A significant difference in fasting blood glucose level and alcohol consumption among young adults.
Young adults consuming alcohol between 3-5 days within the past month had significantly lower fasting glucose level in blood compared to students who did not report alcohol consumption within the last month and those who reported drinking more.It shows that moderate alcohol consumption is associated with lower fasting blood glucose concentrations and may reduce the risk for developing type II diabetes (Lucca, 2013).
Compared with non-high-risk alcohol drinking, highrisk drinking for men( ≥7 glasses at a sitting) was associated with higher odds ratios of impaired fasting glucose(IFG)and diabetes mellitus (Lim et al., 2018).Alcoholic beverage consumption lowers postprandial glycemia by 16-37%, which represents an unrecognized mechanism by which alcohol may reduce the risk ofchronic disease (Brand-Miller et al., 2007).Borneo Journal of Medical Laboratory Technology Figure 2 shows the average fasting blood glucose levels based on duration of alcohol consumption.Alcohol consumption 5 to 10 years lead to higher the average fasting blood glucose levels than 11-15 years consumption.Drinking alcohol increases the risk of hypoglycaemia in people on insulin (Hillson, 2015).Funayama et al. (2017) reported that one week alcohol abstinence improved hepatic insulin sensitivity and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in nonobese Japanese men with mildly elevated FPG and drinking habits alcohol.Leggio et al. (2010) evaluated the relationship between baseline (pre-treatment) glucose levels and percentage of heavy drinking day (PHDD) duringtreatment.Higher glucose levels at baselinewere associated with a higher percentage of PHDD at pretreatment.

CONCLUSION
This study found that40%alcohol drinker considered high fasting blood glucose level with average level 139.6 mg/dL.Twenty five percent of alcohol drinkers considered lowfasting blood glucose level with average 68.8 mg/dL.And35% of drinkershave normal level of fasting blood glucose with average 97.4 mg/dL.

Figure2.
Figure2.The average of fasting blood glucose levels based on duration of alcohol consumption

Table 1 .
Characteristics of the samples