Pharmacognostic Study of Sangkareho Root (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) from Pelaihari, South Kalimantan

Indonesia is a country that has enormous biodiversity potential. Geographically, Indonesia has many types of plants that can be used traditionally as medicines for various diseases (von Rintelen et al., 2017). One of them is the island of Borneo or also known as Kalimantan, which has the potential of traditional medicine knowledge by various tribes and is rich in useful plants (Khoo et al., 2016). Sangkareho (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) is one of the native plants of Borneo which belongs to the genus Callicarpa (Novaryatiin et al., 2018; Qamariah et al., 2016). This plant contains a source of natural compounds and can be used as traditional medicines (Harley et al., 2004). The Callicarpa genus is utilized by one of the indigenous tribes of Kalimantan, the Dayak Tunjung tribe (Setyowati, 2010). Callicarpa longifolia, also called “karehau”, is traditionally used as a treatment for cold symptoms and inflammation of the roots, while the leaves are useful as a wet powder with analgesic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobe, and antioxidant activity (Handayani & Natasia, 2018; Erwin et al., 2015). Pharmacognostic studies are the first step in the standardization process of medicines derived from plants (Yuan et al., 2016). This research helps identify the nature and characteristics of a plant material. Identification and quality assurance of an ingredient are important prerequisites for ensuring plant quality that will contribute to safety and efficacy (Castillo et al., 2020; Ekor, 2013). Pharmacognostic Study of Sangkareho Root (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) from Pelaihari, South Kalimantan


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a country that has enormous biodiversity potential. Geographically, Indonesia has many types of plants that can be used traditionally as medicines for various diseases (von Rintelen et al., 2017). One of them is the island of Borneo or also known as Kalimantan, which has the potential of traditional medicine knowledge by various tribes and is rich in useful plants (Khoo et al., 2016).
Sangkareho (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) is one of the native plants of Borneo which belongs to the genus Callicarpa (Novaryatiin et al., 2018;Qamariah et al., 2016). This plant contains a source of natural compounds and can be used as traditional medicines (Harley et al., 2004). The Callicarpa genus is utilized by one of the indigenous tribes of Kalimantan, the Dayak Tunjung tribe (Setyowati, 2010). Callicarpa longifolia, also called "karehau", is traditionally used as a treatment for cold symptoms and inflammation of the roots, while the leaves are useful as a wet powder with analgesic, antiinflammatory, antimicrobe, and antioxidant activity (Handayani & Natasia, 2018;Erwin et al., 2015).
Pharmacognostic studies are the first step in the standardization process of medicines derived from plants (Yuan et al., 2016). This research helps identify the nature and characteristics of a plant material.
Identification and quality assurance of an ingredient are important prerequisites for ensuring plant quality that will contribute to safety and efficacy (Castillo et al., 2020;Ekor, 2013).

Pharmacognostic Study of Sangkareho Root (Callicarpa longifolia Lam.) from Pelaihari, South Kalimantan
According to previous research it was revealed that the leaves of C. longifolia with 70% ethanol extract had several secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids (Supomo et al., 2016;Semiawan et al., 2015). However, research on the content of chemical compounds from the roots of C. longifolia plants especially those originating from South Kalimantan has never been done before, so researchers are interested in examining the pharmacognostic study of C. longifolia by organoleptic, macroscopic, microscopic, identification of groups of chemical compounds, and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This pharmacognostic study is expected to be able to assist in identifying the content of efficacious compounds especially those found in the roots of the C. longifolia plant.

Plant material
Callicarpa longifolia plant was collected from Pelaihari,

Organoleptic test
Callicarpa longifolia root observed shape, color, taste, and odor based on five respondents' opinions. Organoleptic examination of fresh C. longifolia root color was light brown while the root simplicia was brown. Fresh roots and simplicia of C. longifolia has a bitter and some bitter taste, the taste is suspected to have an alkaloid and saponin compound as according to Harbone (2006), alkaloids and saponins have a bitter or bitter taste. The smell of fresh roots and simplicia of C. longifolia has a distinctive odor that is a rather pungent odor.

Macroscopic characteristics
Macroscopically, the fresh root of C. longifolia is the length around ±90 cm; the width of the C. longifolia root is around ±1 cm; and for the C. longifolia root form it has a spear shape (Tjitrosoepomo, 2005) with a tapering system, as presented in Figure 1.

Phytochemical screening
Phytochemical screening of C. longifolia roots showed positive results on the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, and triterpenoid compounds. These results are in line with previous studies reported by Ardhany et al. (2019) and Saputra (2016).
Based on the description, seen from the TLC profile and Rf value of 70% ethanol extract of C. longifolia root with ethyl acetate eluent : methanol : water (8 : 2 : 1). The eluent optimization is good for improvement, but for development it can be done by increasing the polarity of the eluent mixture used (Zhang et al., 2018). The TLC plate with multiple spotting views is presented in Figure   4, while a comparison of the Rf values obtained is presented in Table I