Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion Chitosan Tablet from Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Using PVP K-30 As a Carriers

Indonesia is a maritime country with considerable potential as a producer of marine animals, primarily natural sources of chitin, such as shrimp and crab shells1. Shrimp shell contains 25-40% protein, 45-50% calcium carbonate, and 15-30% chitin, but the amount of the content depends on the type of shrimp2. In this study, chitin was extracted from whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) because it was ranked first of the five primary commodities trafficked in the country (between provinces) as much as 72.81%. This fact means that a lot of shrimp production has been distributed to regions between provinces. East Java is the second-highest province after Bengkulu (37.84%) as an L. vannamei supplier with 24.49%3. However, chitin is not soluble in water, so its use is limited. By using a strong base (deacetylation process) into chitosan, hydrolyzing chitin has better chemical properties4. Chitin can be transformed into chitosan, which has prospects in biomedical trends5. Besides being known as a drug carrier, chitosan is also known as an active agent for anticholesterol. The previous research reported that in vitro, chitosan could bind cholesterol by 63.5% to prevent an increase in cholesterol levels6. A study stated that administering 30 chitosan tablets at a dose of 45 mg of chitosan/tablet three times a day can reduced cholesterol Formulation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion Chitosan Tablet from Whiteleg Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Using PVP K-30 As a Carriers


INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is a maritime country with considerable potential as a producer of marine animals, primarily natural sources of chitin, such as shrimp and crab shells 1 .
Shrimp shell contains 25-40% protein, 45-50% calcium carbonate, and 15-30% chitin, but the amount of the content depends on the type of shrimp 2 . In this study, chitin was extracted from whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) because it was ranked first of the five primary commodities trafficked in the country (between provinces) as much as 72.81%. This fact means that a lot of shrimp production has been distributed to regions between provinces. East Java is the second-highest province after Bengkulu (37.84%) as an L. vannamei supplier with 24.49% 3 . However, chitin is not soluble in water, so its use is limited. By using a strong base (deacetylation process) into chitosan, hydrolyzing chitin has better chemical properties 4 .
Chitin can be transformed into chitosan, which has prospects in biomedical trends 5 . Besides being known as a drug carrier, chitosan is also known as an active agent for anticholesterol. The previous research reported that in vitro, chitosan could bind cholesterol by 63.5% to prevent an increase in cholesterol levels 6

Abstract
Whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on the market are processed or sold only to take part in the meat. The head, shell, and tail are thrown away without any prior processing. Underutilized waste causes environmental problems. An alternative to overcome this environmental disturbance phenomenon is to utilize shrimp shells containing chitin and subsequently transformed into chitosan that can be applied in various fields. Chitosan has poor solubility in water but high permeability; thus, improve bioavailability is accomplished by making solid dispersions. This study aims to formulate and evaluate the solid dispersion tablet using chitosan extract from L. vannamei as an active agent with PVP K-30 as a carrier. The formulation divided into three groups, that was F1 (chitosan : PVP K-30 = 1 : 1 solid dispersion), F2 (chitosan : PVP K-30 = 1 : 3 solid dispersion), and F3 (pure chitosan). The result of chitosan solid dispersion was molded into tablets by the direct compression method. The tablets were evaluated by weight and size uniformity, hardness, friability, and disintegration time. All the formulas by weight and size uniformity as well as disintegration time fulfill the requirements. The hardness of the tablets from F3 with 4,275 kg was the best from F1 and F2. By statistic analytical from weight uniformity, hardness and disintegration time give significant difference with sig. <0.05. levels 7 . However, chitosan has poor solubility in water, but the permeability is high, so efforts are needed to increase the solubility so that chitosan can be used as an anticholesterol drug.
Solid dispersion is a method of making a dispersion system where drugs with low solubility in water will be dispersed into a water-soluble carrier to increase the solubility and dissolution of the drug 8, 9 . The carrier used in this solid dispersion formulations is PVP K-30 because its polymer is hydrophilic, has very good water solubility, and can be used as a stabilizer 10 . The results of the chitosan solid dispersion formulation were hence made into direct compression tablets. The direct compression method was chosen because it is the most energy-efficient, fastest, and most economical way to produce tablets 11 . Based on this background, research will be carried out to formulate and evaluate the solid dispersion tablet using chitosan extract from L. vannamei as an active agent with PVP K-30 as a carrier in the ratio of 1 : 1 and 1 : 3 (Chitosan : PVP K-30). Evaluation of solid dispersion tablets is weight and size uniformity, hardness, friability, and disintegration time.

Materials
The L. vannamei was obtained from Pasuruan, East Java.

Solid dispersion procedure
Chitosan and PVP K-30 was prepared in a ratio of 1 : 1 and 1 : 3 (w/w). Chitosan was dissolved in 2% acetic acid

Tablets formulation
Chitosan and PVP K-30 solid dispersion were prepared as well as weighed magnesium stearate, talk, and Avicel PH 102 which was sieved with a mesh 100 sieve. That ingredient was mixed until homogeneous. Therefore, the tablets were compressed by the direct compression method. The tablets were observed and evaluated (uniformity in tablet weight and size, hardness, friability, and disintegration time) 18 .

Experimental design
The dose of chitosan as an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was 45 mg/tablet by the study of Jing et al. 7 . The formulas were divided into three groups (n = 3).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The formulation of solid dispersion tablets of chitosan extract from L. vannamei shell with PVP K-30 as a carrier of solid dispersion started with chitosan synthesis. From these stages, the chitosan obtained was then evaluated.
The evaluation results were presented in Table I, while the chitosan powder appearance was presented in Figure   1.    The uniformity size from F1, F2, and F3 fulfill the requirements 18 , which was ⅓ T < D < 3T. T was the thickness, and D was the diameter. F1 was 1.25 < 11.14 < 11.25; F2 was 1.27 < 11.29 < 11.40; and F3 was 1. That could also cause the evaluation of hardness and friability in this study to be unfavorable. Further method development was needed to provide better research, such as using the wet granulation method.

CONCLUSION
In conclusion, Formula F1, F2, and F3 meet the requirements for uniformity of weight and size as well as disintegration time. The hardness of F3 is better than F1 and F2. Statistical analysis from weight uniformity, hardness, and disintegration time give a significant difference-obligatory formulation developing to make better tablet's compactibility.