Formulation and Antibacterial Activity of Liquid Soap Containing Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) Leaves Extract

Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) is traditionally used by the community to treat infections of the skin caused by bacteria or fungi. In this study, T. catappa leaves extract was added to the liquid soap formula as an antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the secondary metabolite compounds contained in T. catappa leaves extract, physical evaluation of the preparation, and antibacterial activity of liquid soap. Liquid soap formula is made with various concentrations of T. catappa leaves extract F0 (0%), F1 (1%), F2 (2%), and F3 (3%). The resulting soap was evaluated for organoleptic, pH, high foam, homogeneity, irritation, and its activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Escherichia coli using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that the T. catappa leaves extract contained flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. The liquid soap formula F0 is clear, while F1, F2, and F3 have the characteristics of brown-dark brown, homogeneous, pH between 4.6-5.2, foam stability between 67-72%, which is not significantly different and stable after five minutes of testing, and it does not irritate the skin. Terminalia catappa leaves extracts liquid soap has antibacterial activity at a concentration of 1%, 2%, and 3%, with the largest inhibition zone diameter produced by S. aureus.


INTRODUCTION
Soap is a cleanser because it can remove dirt that sticks to parts of the body 1 . The use of liquid soap is more attractive to the public than solid soap because it is more practical, more economical, not contaminated, easy to carry, and easy to store 2 . There have been many antibacterial soaps circulated in the market under various brand names.
Most of the antibacterial soap in the market still contains synthetic ingredients such as sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and triclosan, which have adverse effects on human skin.
These side effects including sensitivity to the skin and turning off the protective layer on the skin so that it is more susceptible to exposure to harmful bacteria on the skin 3,4 . One of the efforts to overcome this problem is to utilize plants with antibacterial properties, one of which is ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.).
Terminalia catappa comes from the Combretaceae family, which is a large tree 5 that has horizontal branches with several levels, leaves of 15-25 cm long and 10-14 cm wide 6 . This plant is widely distributed in countries with tropical and sub-tropical climates, especially in coastal areas 7 . Terminalia catappa are often found on roadsides as decoration and shade trees 8 . Terminalia catappa shed their leaves every day, and most of them fall during the dry season 9 .
Terminalia catappa is known as a plant with pharmacological effects and is used traditionally 6

Materials
The

Sample collection
Terminalia catappa leaves were collected in Pekanbaru city and determined at the Botanical Laboratory, Universitas Riau. Samples taken were T. catappa leaves that had fallen around the trees with brownish leaves characteristics.
The leaves of T. catappa are shown in Figure 1.

Phytochemical screening
Phytochemical screening was carried out to determine secondary metabolite compounds contained in a plant.
Secondary metabolite compounds in one type of plant could vary, influenced by climate, soil, temperature, humidity, and others 28 . Therefore, this phytochemical screening was carried out to determine the secondary metabolite content of T. catappa leaves growing in the Pekanbaru area. Based on the test results, the compounds in the ethanol extract of T. catappa leaves were flavonoids, triterpenoids, saponins, and tannins, as shown in Table I. Foam formation is not required and has little effect on the cleaning process, but it is more likely to patient acceptance of the product. The criteria for good foam stability, which is within 5 minutes, the foam stability obtained ranges from 60 -70%. In this case, F0, F1, F2 have met the criteria for good foam stability, which is in the range of 67-70%, except for F3.
In the irritation test, the preparations were given to ten panelists who did not have a history of allergies. The  The variation of inhibition zone diameter and SD values (>1 mm) yielded from three replications, which could be seen in Table III, was possibly generated by several factors such as the incubation temperature, diffusion ability of the extract, and volume of the medium used.
The optimal temperature for bacterial growth is 35°C; hence, the lower temperature used could produce variation in inhibition zone diameter obtained. In the experimental study, three or more disc were arranged in one pile; the middle disc would experience incubation temperature below 35°C 31 .

CONCLUSION
The physical characteristics of T. catappa leaves extract liquid soap meets the requirement of SNI 4085:2017 with a pH value that is safe for the skin. The addition of T.
catappa leaves extract variations did not affect the pH value, foam stability, and irritation. However, in the organoleptic test, the higher the concentration of T.
catappa leaves extract was added, the liquid soap's color was getting more brownish, and the shape form was slightly liquid. The addition of T. catappa leaves extract to liquid soap can increase the antibacterial activity. The highest antibacterial activity was shown by S. aureus with an inhibition zone diameter of more than 20 mm.