In Vitro Determination of Sun Protection Factor of Water Extract of Aerodramus fuciphagus from Central Kalimantan

Sunscreen is a cosmetic substance that has the ability to reflect or absorb sunlight actively. It can prevent skin irritation due to UV rays. One of the natural ingredients with a sunscreen effect is the Ediblenest swiftlet's (Aerodramus fuciphagus) nest (ESN). This study aimed to determine the value of the sun protective factor (SPF) of the ESN water extract. The ESN water extract solution with variation concentration, this is 2000, 2500, 5000, 6000, and 7000 ppm, were measured by spectrophotometric UV-Vis at wavelength 290-375 nm with 5 nm intervals to determine the value of SPF, percentage of erythema transmission (%Te), and percentage of pigmentation transmission (%Tp) of ESN water extract. The result showed that the ESN water extract's SPF values at the concentration 2000, 2500, 5000, 6000, and 7000 ppm were 7.80; 9.68; 18.75; 20.58; and 22.24. The value of %Te of each concentration were 15.60±0.19; 10.03±0.42; 1.24±0.04; 0.81±0.01 and 0.56±0.01. While the value of %Tp of each concentration was showed the sunblock category. In conclusion, the ESN water extract from Central Kalimantan at the concentration of 6000 ppm has potential in ultraviolet protection against the skin in the ultra category with sunblock category mechanism. Further, it can be developed into sunscreen cosmetics from natural ingredients.


INTRODUCTION
The effect of sunlight (UV light) on the skin will damage cells, causing wrinkles, causing skin color and texture change. The negative effect of sunlight can be reduced by using sunscreen 1 . Sunscreen is a cosmetic substance that has functions to reflect or absorb sunlight. It can prevent skin irritation due to UV rays 2 . Sunscreens can absorb sunlight at a wavelength of 290-320 nm for UVB about 85% but can reflect sunlight at a wavelength of more than 320 nm for UVA 3 . The active ingredients of sunscreens in FDA-approved are generally inorganic and organic. The primary inorganic materials in use are zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2), but they are photostable and require much application to achieve maximum effect 4 .
Meanwhile, benzophenone is a UVA organic material that protects against UV B and UVA. However, benzophenone is photolabile, and its oxidation can disrupt the antioxidant system 5  A sunscreen contains compounds that can protect the skin from the adverse effects of sunlight 12 . One of the sunscreen mechanisms to protect the skin from the negative effect of sunlight is to inhibit the production of free radicals caused by UV rays and prevent endogenous antioxidants 13 . The ESN water extract could increase the activity of the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), which can neutralize free radicals 14 . Superoxide dismutase is an endogenous enzymatic antioxidant with a very strong effect as a body defense against free radicals 15 . This study aimed to determine the value of the sun protective factor (SPF) of the ESN water extract.

Methods
Each of 250 g of the ESN (Figure 1) was dissolved in 7.4 L of double-distilled water. They were homogenized by stirring for 30 minutes and then heated for 30 minutes at 45°C. The solution was filtered using filter paper. The filtrate was freeze-drying (lyophilization) with freeze-dry (Eyela®) until the ESN water extract was obtained, that was 10.8 g (4.3165%). The sample absorbance was multiplied by EE x I for each interval. The value of EE x I for each interval can be seen in Table I. Meanwhile, to determine the SPF value, the following Formula 1 is used: T = Transmission Fe = erythema flux at a certain wavelength Ee = The amount of erythema flux that is continued by sunscreen Fp = Pigmentation flux at a certain wavelength Ep = The amount of pigmentation flux that sunscreen continues.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sun Protection Factor was defined as an indicator that describes a substance's effectiveness to protect skin from UV rays. This value describes a sunscreen's ability to a protective effect on the skin from UV rays 16 . The SPF value of ESN water extract could be seen in Table II Table   II).
The value of %Te and %Tp of ESN water extract could be seen in Table III (Figure 3). The ESN water extract concentration 6000 and 7000 ppm had the mechanism as sunscreen in the sunblock category, which means it could protect the skin from UV radiation which causes erythema and pigmentation.

DATA AVAILABILITY
All data are available from the authors.