Global Pandemic Conditions and List of Possible Medications and Vaccines for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Review
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Submitted
11 May 2020
11 May 2020
Published
22 June 2020
22 June 2020
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Abstract
At the end of December 2019, a novel coronavirus was identified which caused severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with a disease known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus first originated in the city of Wuhan in China, causing symptoms such as pneumonic plague, which began in the Wuhan and then spread throughout the world with high transmission efficiency. Special precautions and care are needed such as leaving the public area, covering your mouth with a mask, not shaking hands, washing hands, and sanitation from time to time. Infection due to SARS-CoV-2 shows several symptoms, one of which is very often the patient shows difficulty breathing. Currently, COVID-19 has been declared a global pandemic and has almost attacked all countries in the world, including in India which has one of the largest human populations in the entire world. One of the challenges in handling COVID-19 is the unavailability of drugs or special vaccines to treat the disease, so clinical practitioners and academics are currently testing various drugs to see how they affect the COVID-19 patients. Some of the drugs tested provide effective mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2, such as chloroquine, remdesivir, lopinavir, and vaccines under development. These drugs are still being tested and are now at the forefront to combat the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review article will discuss all kinds of ins and outs of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including the transmission method, how to prevent it, as well as various drugs and vaccines currently used in handling COVID-19.
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References
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Ali, I. & Alharbi, O.M.L. (2020). COVID-19: Disease, management, treatment, and social impact. The Science of The Total Environment, 728, 138861. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138861
APEIRON Biologics. (2020). APEIRON Biologics closes oversubscribed financing round of EUR 17.5 million for the development of APN01 against COVID-19. https://www.apeiron-biologics.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/200602_APEIRON_Closing-Financing_ENG_final.pdf
Astuti, I. & Ysrafil. (2020). Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): An overview of viral structure and host response. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome, [Epub ahead of print]. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.020
Baron, S.A., Devaux, C., Colson, P., Raoult, D., & Rolain, J.M. (2020). Teicoplanin: An Alternative Drug for the Treatment of COVID-19? International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55(4), 105944. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105944
BeyondSpring. (2020). BeyondSpring Files for Patent Protection on BPI-002 for the Treatment of Viral Infections Including COVID-19. https://www.beyondspringpharma.com/pressreleases/info.aspx?itemid=2212
Biocryst Pharmaceuticals. (2020). Galidesivir. https://www.biocryst.com/our-program/galidesivir/
Bioxytran. (2020). Bioxytran Seeking Partners for Late Stage Treatment of Wuhan Coronavirus using BXT-25. https://www.bioxytraninc.com/press-releases/bioxytran-seeking-partners-for-late-stage-treatment-of-wuhan-coronavirus-using-bxt-25
Cao, B., Wang, Y., Wen, D., Liu, W., Wang, J., Fan, G., Ruan, L., Song, B., Cai, Y., Wei, M., Li X., Xia, J., Chen, N., Xiang, J., Yu, T., Bai, T., Xie, X., Zhang, L., Li, C., Yuan, Y., Chen, H., Li, H., Huang, H., Tu, S., Gong, F., Liu, Y., Wei, Y., Dong, C., Zhou, F., Gu, X., Xu, J., Liu, Z., Zhang, Y., Li, H., Shang, L., Wang, K., Li, K., Zhou, X., Dong, X., Qu, Z., Lu, S., Hu, X., Ruan, S., Luo, S., Wu, J., Peng, L., Cheng, F., Pan, L., Zou, J., Jia, C., Wang, J., Liu, X., Wang, S., Wu, X., Ge, Q., He, J., Zhan, H., Qiu, F., Guo, L., Huang, C., Jaki, T., Hayden, F.G., Horby, P.W., Zhang, D., & Wang, C. (2020). A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382, 1787-1799. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001282
Cui, J., Li, F., & Shi, Z.L. (2019). Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 17(3), 181-192. doi:10.1038/s41579-018-0118-9
Djalante, R., Lassa, J., Setiamarga, D., Sudjatma, A., Indrawan, M., Haryanti, B., Mahfud, C., Sinapoy, M.S., Djalante, S., Rafliana, I., Gunawan, L.A., Surtiari, G.A.K., & Warsilah, H. (2020). Review and analysis of current responses to COVID-19 in Indonesia: Period of January to March 2020. Progress in Disaster Science, 6, 10091. doi:10.1016/j.pdisas.2020.100091
Doremalen, N.V., Lambe, T., Spencer, A., Belji-Rammerstorfer, S., Purusthotham, J.N., Port, J.R., Avanzato, V., Bushmaker, T., Flaxman, A., Ulaszewska, M., Feldmann, F., Allen, E.R., Sharpe, H., Schulz, J., Holbrook, M., Okumura, A., Meade-White, K., Perez-Perez, L., Bissett, C., Gilbride, C., Williamson, B.N., Rosenke, R., Long, D., Ishwarbhai, A., Kailath, R., Rose, L., Morris, S., Powers, C., Lovaglio, J., Hanley, P.W., Scott, D., Saturday, G., de Wit, E., Gilbert, S.C., & Munster, V.J. (2020). ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques. BioRXiv. Preprint, 093195. doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093195
Duddu, P. (2020). Coronavirus treatment: Vaccines/drugs in the pipeline for COVID-19. https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/analysis/coronavirus-mers-cov-drugs/
El-Aziz, T.M.A. & Stockand, J.D. (2020). Recent progress and challenges in drug development against COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) - an update on the status. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 104327. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104327
Gautret, P., Lagier, J.C., Parola, P., Hoang, V.T., Meddeb, L., Mailhe, M., Doudier, B., Courjon, J., Giordanengo, V., Vieira, V.E., Dupont, H.T., Honore, S., Colson, P., Chabriere, E., La Scola, B., Rolain, J.M., Brouqui, P., & Raoult, D. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin as a Treatment of COVID-19: Results of an Open-Label Non-Randomized Clinical Trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 105949. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
Guner, R., Hasanoglu, I., & Aktas, F. (2020). COVID-19: Prevention and control measures in community. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 50(3), 571-577. doi:10.3906/sag-2004-146
Guo, Y.R., Cao, Q.D., Hong, Z.S., Tan, Y.Y., Chen S.D., Jin, H.J., Tan, K.S., Wang, D.Y., & Yan, Y. (2020). The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak – an update on the status. Military Medical Research, 7, 11. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
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1.
Mukim M, Kabra A, Devi S, Chaturvedi M, Patel R. Global Pandemic Conditions and List of Possible Medications and Vaccines for the Treatment of COVID-19: A Review. Borneo J Pharm [Internet]. 2020Jun.22 [cited 2025May10];3(Special-1):90-102. Available from: https://journal.umpr.ac.id/index.php/bjop/article/view/1397
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